Three ideals of an intellectual: socio-philosophical analysis

The term intellectual, which is widely used in the humanities, has no unambiguous definition. In fact, there are three homonymous concepts — an intellectual as a prophet of reason and civilization, an intellectual as an exponent of the interests of a particular social group, an intellectual as a performer of special social functions. The article substantiates the thesis that the three views on the concept of intellectual are not purely scientific points of view on a social phenomenon, but competing ideological projects put forward in the late XIX — early XX century by various forces operating in the Western world. The first concept of an intellectual was born in the French Third Republic, the second — among European Marxists, the third — in the USA.

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