|

Options for the unification of Europe in the 1930s: in search of lessons from the past (historiosophical analysis)

Authors: Nekhamkin V.A., Chernogortseva G.V. Published: 04.03.2020
Published in issue: #2(82)/2020  
DOI: 10.18698/2306-8477-2020-2-648  
Category: The Humanities in Technical University | Chapter: Philosophy Science  
Keywords: World War II, Europe, options for unification of Europe, historical choice, USSR, Nazi Germany

The paper considers the trend towards the unification of European States in the 1930s. Options for solving this problem: Nazi (German) and Soviet (USSR) are identified. By means of counterfactual modeling the past, the variant of voluntary, democratic European integration is reconstructed. It is shown that the prerequisites for the formation of this trend can be found in the attempt of uniting France and Great Britain in June 1940. In the particular case, such integration was unsuccessful, but laid the foundations for the unification of European countries after the Second World War. Some mechanisms of historical choice of options for unification of Europe at the interstate level, their philosophical and historical foundations are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about what lessons can be learned from this episode of the past.


References
[1] Nietzsche F. Sochineniya [Writings]. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Moscow, Mysl Publ., 1990, 829 p. (In Russ.)
[2] Nekhamkin V.A. European Social Science Journal, 2015, no. 6, pp. 390−397.
[3] Nekhamkin V.A. European Social Science Journal, 2016, no. 7, pp. 273−282.
[4] Chernogortseva G.V. Gumanitarnyy vestnik MGTU — Humanities Bulletin of BMSTU, 2015, vol. 35, no. 9, p. 6. DOI 10.18698/2306-8477-2015-9-288
[5] Zatsarin I. Pervyy Evrosoyuz. K godovshchine provozglasheniya Frantsuzskoy imperii [The First European Union. On the anniversary of the proclamation of the French Empire]. Available at: https://histrf.ru/biblioteka/b/piervyi-ievrosoiuz-k-213-lietiiu-frantsuzskoi-impierii (accessed April 13, 2020).
[6] Keynes J.M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Selected works]. Moscow, Ekonomika Publ., 1993, 544 p. (In Russ.)
[7] Sakharov A.N., ed. Kniga istoricheskikh sensatsiy [The book of historical sensations]. Moscow, Raritet Publ., 1993, 239 p.
[8] Guderian H. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten. Neckargemünd, Kurt Vowinkel Verlag, 1960 [In Russ.: Guderian H. Vospominaniya soldata. Rostov-on-Don, Feniks Publ., 1998, 544 p.].
[9] Suvorov V. Ledokol. Kto nachal Vtoruyu Mirovuyu voynu? Nefantasticheskaya povest – document [Who started World War II? Non-fiction story-document]. Moscow, Novoe vremya Publ., 1992, 352 p.
[10] Dyakov Yu.L., Bushueva T.S. Fashistskiy mech kovalsya v SSSR: Krasnaya Armiya i reykhsver. Taynoe sotrudnichestvo. 1922–1933. Neizvestnye dokumenty [The fascist sword was forged in the USSR: the Red Army and the Reichswehr. Secret collaboration. 1922–1933. Unknown documents]. Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya Publ., 1992, 384 p.
[11] Rozanov G.L. Stalin-Gitler: Dokumentalnyy ocherk sovetsko-germanskikh diplomaticheskikh otnosheniy 1939–1941 gg. [Stalin-Hitler: Documentary essay on Soviet-German diplomatic relations, 1939–1941]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ., 1991, 224 p.
[12] Solonin M.S. 23 iyunya — «den M» [June 23 — “M-day”]. Moscow, Yauza, EKSMO Publ., 2010, 512 p.
[13] Fukuyama F. The End of History and the Last man. New York, The Free Press Publ., 1992 [In Russ.: Fukuyama F. Konets istorii? In: Filosofiya istorii. Antologiya. Moscow, Aspekt-Press Publ., 1994, pp. 290−311].
[14] Burovsky A.M., Yakutseni S.P. Zavtra budet vojna! [Tomorrow there will be a war!]. Moscow, Yauza-press Publ., 2010, 352 p.
[15] Pochemu chekhi sdalis Gitleru bez boya [Why the Czechs surrender to Hitler without a fight]. Available at: //https://www.rubaltic.ru/context/14042020-pochemu-chekhi-sdalis-gitleru-bez-boya/?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fzen.yandex.com (accessed April 17, 2020).
[16] Kudryashov S.V., Oleynikov D.I Rodina (Motherland), 1995, no. 5, pp. 11−19.
[17] Trotsky L.D. Predannaya revolyutsiya [The betrayed revolution]. Moscow, NII Kultury Publ., 1991, 256 p.
[18] Zakharevich S.S. Stalinskiy brosok na Yug[Stalin’s rush to the South]. Minsk, Sovremennaya shkola Publ., 2011, 464 p.
[19] Danilov V.P. Stalinskaya strategiya nachala voyny: plany i realnost [Stalin’s strategy for the beginning of the war: plans and reality]. In: Drugaya vojna: 1939−1945 gg. [The different war: 1939−1945]. Moscow, Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy gumanitarnyy universitet Publ., 1996, pp. 136−156.
[20] Nekhamkin V.A. Sotsium i vlast — Society and Power, 2020, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 116−127.
[21] Rokossovsky K.K. Soldatskiy dolg [Soldier duty]. Moscow, Voenizdat Publ., 1997, 479 p.
[22] Shaptalov B.N. Kak organizovali «vnezapnoe» napadenie 22 iyunya 1941. Zagovor Stalina. Prichiny i sledstviya [How the "surprise" attack on June 22, 1941 was organized. Stalin’s Plot. Causes and consequences]. Moscow, Centropoligraf Publ., 2015, 351 p.
[23] Zakharevich S.S. Bolshaya krov: kak SSSR pobedil v vojne 1941−1945 gg. [Big blood: how the USSR won the war of 1941−1945]. Minsk, Sovremennaya shkola Publ., 2010, 560.
[24] Beriya S.L. Syn za ottsa otvechaet: Moy otets Lavrentiy Beriya [The son is responsible for the father: My father, Lavrentiy Beriya]. Moscow, Algoritm Publ., 2013, 288 p.
[25] Ramonet I. Géopolitique du chaos. Paris, Gallimard Education Publ., 1999 [In Russ.: Ramonet I. Geopolitika haosa. Moscow, TEIS Publ., 2001, 128 p.].
[26] Stalin I.V. Voprosy leninizma [Leninism issues]. Moscow, Gospolitizdat Publ., 1953, 651 p.
[27] Hook S. "If" in History. In: The Hero in History: A Study in Limitation and Possibility. New York, The John Day Co. Publ., 1943 [In Russ.: Hook S. THESIS, 1994, no. 5, pp. 206−215].
[28] Nekhamkin A.N., Nekhamkin V.A. Dialog so vremenem — Dialogue with Time, 2018, no. 65, pp. 336−352.
[29] Vtoraya mirovaya voyna v vospominaniyakh W. Cherchill, Ch. de Gaulle, C. Hull, W. Leahy, D. Eisenhower [World War II in the memoirs of W. Cherchill, Ch. de Gaulle, C. Hull, W. Leahy, D. Eisenhower]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1990, 558 p.
[30] Monnet J. Mémoires. USA, Doubleday Books Publ., 1978 [In Russ.: Monnet J. Realnost i politika. Memuary. Moscow, Moskovskaya shkola politicheskikh issledovaniy, 2001, 664 p.].
[31] Kostomarov N.I. Smutnoe vremya Moskovskogo gosudarstva v nachale XVII stoletiya. 1604−1613 gg [The time of troubles of the Moscow state in the early XVII century. 1604−1613]. Moscow, Charli Publ., 1994, 799 p.
[32] Nekhamkin V.A. Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatelnyy zhurnal «Istoriya» (Electronic scientific and educational journal “History”) 2017, no. 2 (56). Available at: http://history.jes.su/s207987840001059-3 (accessed April 16, 2020).
[33] Nekhamkin A.N. Prezident dlya budushchey Rossii. Problema optimalnogo obshchestvennogo vybora [President for the future Russia. The problem of optimal public choice]. Bryansk, Bryanskoe oblastnoe poligraficheskoe obyedinenie Publ., 2008, 527 p.